Контрольная по английскому языку

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ЦЕНЫ НА РАБОТЫ ДЕМПИНГОВЫЕ (НИЖЕ РЫНОЧНЫХ)
РАССМОТРЮ ВАШИ ВАРИАНТЫ ПО СТОИМОСТИ РАБОТЫ
ЕСЛИ РАБОТА ЗАИНТЕРЕСОВАЛА, ПИШИТЕ В ЛИЧКУ, ДАВ ССЫЛКУ НА НЕЁ.


1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Business organizations
Business organizations belong to either the private or the public sector. The private sector consists of companies belonging to private individuals, and the public sector of companies owned by the government of the country.
There are various types of business organization which operate in the private sector:
A business run by a sole trader has just one owner, who is entirely responsible for all the company's business affairs. This type of organization has certain advantages and disadvantages.
A business run by a partnership has two or more owners. When entering into a partnership, an agreement is drawn up defining the rights, responsibilities and liabilities of each partner, such as how the profits are to be distributed and what part each partner is to play in managing the company. The partners may be active, meaning that they are actively involved in the company's business; or sleeping, which means they invest money in the company and receive a share of the profits, but do not concern themselves with the company's business affairs.
There are two types of partnership:
• General or ordinary partnership, where all partners have unlimited liability.
• Limited or special partnership, consisting of at least one general partner with unlimited liability and at least one limited partner whose liability is limited to the capital he has invested. The limited partners do not run the risk of losing their personal property if the company goes bankrupt, but neither do they have any say in how the business is run.
Fr om a legal point of view, a joint-stock company counts as a separate person, which means that its shareholder (owners) and directors (the people chosen by the shareholders to run the company) only have limited liability. The shareholders each receive one dividend (part of the profit) per share. There are two types of joint-stock company:
(a) Public limited company (plc)
The capital for this type of company is raised fr om members of the public. For this reason, a plc can be listed on the stock exchange, although it doesn't have to be. Before it can start doing business, a plc needs to have a minimum amount of share capital (in England for example, it needs to issue at least £50,000 worth of shares).
(b) Private limited company (Ltd.)
There are many more private limited companies than public limited companies. The shares of a private limited company are held by specially chosen persons or companies, which mean it can't be listed on the stock exchange. However unlike public limited companies, private limited companies don't need a minimum amount of share capital - it's theoretically possible for a private limited company to have just one share held by one person.

2. Переведите следующие  слова и словосочетания
private sector
public sector
sole trader
capital
unlimited liability
bankrupt
partnership
active partner
sleeping partner
general (ordinary) partnership
limited (special) partnership
general partner
limited partner
joint-stock company
shareholder
director
dividend
public limited company
stock exchange
share capital
private lim ited company
3. Ответьте на вопросы
1.     What do the shareholders receive?
2. What does a sleeping partner do?
3. What is the difference between general and lim ited partnership?
4. How many owners are there in sole trade?
4. Translate into English
1.    Маркетинг включает различные виды деятельности, связанные с движением товаров и услуг от производителя к потребителю.
2.    Основная функция маркетинга – выявлять и удовлетворять нужды потребителей.
3.    Потребители извлекают выгоду, покупая товары, которые им нужны, а предприятия – получая прибыль.
4.    Маркетинговые исследования очень важны, так как помогают производителю предсказать новые направления развития рынка.
5.    Посредством рекламы потребители получают информацию о новых товарах и их качестве.
6.    Маркетинговые операции включают: разработку новых товаров, покупку, хранение, калькуляцию цен, продвижение товара, предоставление кредита, транспортировку и рыночные исследования.
5. Составить письменное сочинение по теме «Business in Russia and in the world» (30 предложений).
6. Прочитайте и переведите текст, выполните задания по тексту
Types of Proprietorship
    From the legal point of view there are three basic kinds of business firms: 1) sole proprietorships, 2) partnerships and 3) corporations. A sole proprietorship is simply one owner firm. The proprietor is responsible for all personal and business debts and losses; he provides the capital and executes the total management. To start the business of this kind it is necessary to obtain licenses required by the law.
    The proprietorship form has several advantages, such as: simplicity of organisation, freedom to make all decisions, tax advantages etc. Among disadvantages the following are worth mentioning: possible lack of ability and experience, difficulty in rising.
        Partnerships are firms owned jointly by two or more persons who are co-owners of business. Partnerships are based on agreement among the partners. Advantages of the partnership may be combined talents, judgments, skills as well as larger capital and tax advantages. Disadvantages of this form are divided authority, danger of disagreement etc.
    Corporation is a firm owned by a group of people, called stockholders, and given rights, privileges and liabilities by law. Advantages of the corporation are variety of skills, abilities and ideas, ease of expansion. Disadvantages of this form of ownership may be as follows: government regulation, profit sharing, taxes.
    Corporation has the right to conduct business as if it were one person.
Answer the questions
1.    What are the basic kinds of business organizations?
2.    What is a sole proprietorship?
3.    What are advantages and disadvantages of a sole proprietorship?
4.    What is a partnership?
5.    What advantages and disadvantages of a partnership do you know?
6.    What is a corporation?
7.    What advantages and disadvantages has a corporation?
Translate into English.
1.    Существуют три основных типа организации бизнеса: частная собственность, партнерство, корпорация.
2.    Форма организации бизнеса означает тип собственности.
3.    Частная собственность – это форма бизнеса, которой владеет и управляет один человек.
4.    Каждая форма собственности имеет свои достоинства и недостатки.
5.    Единственное, что необходимо тому, кто хочет начать бизнес в форме частной собственности – это получить лицензию.
6.    Партнерство может состоять из двух и более человек, которые делят собственность предприятия.
7.    Преимуществом корпорации является то, что она может легко увеличивать свой капитал и привлекать высококвалифицированных специалистов.