Английский, вариант 2 (РГУТиС)

Variant 2
1.    Complete the sentences with the suitable form of the verb in brackets. Translate into Russian:
1.    William Colgate … (find) the Colgate Company in 1806 as a starch, soap and candle business in New York City.
2.    I … (write) to apply for the position which was advertised last week.
3.    In 1920s, Philips … (decide) to protect its innovation.
4.    The personal manager … (think) that we all … (benefit) fr om training in how to use the office software.
5.    Every two weeks they … (receive) an independent evaluation of how their business … (perform).
6.    The manager who … (make) this mistake (lost) his job.
7.    The agreement which we … (sign), … (give) us exclusive rights to several products.
8.    If you … (want) to get a room in a hotel in Sochi in summer you … (reserve) the accommodation in advanced.
9.    It’s difficult to foresee what … (happen) in the future.
10.    He … (believe) that using the Internet … (help) him to reduce the company cost.

2. Complete the following sentences with a suitable form of the verbs in brackets. Translate the sentences into Russian:
1.    The restaurant … (change) since the Steins … (buy) it.
2.    The economy … (grow) more complex over the last century.
3.    Personal incomes … (increase) substantially since 2001.
4.    The population of the world … (increase).
5.    The Marketing Department … (be) the one which contribution … (be) the most significant this year.
6.    Australia … (transform) itself to an internationally competitive, expert-oriented country.
7.    In recent years consumers … (voice) concerns about product safety.
8.    The US economy … (change) in other ways as well.
9.    The population and labour force … (move) fr om farms to cities.
10.    Russia … also (improve) its international financial standing since the 1998 financial crisis.

3. Complete the sentences using the correct passive forms. Then translate the sentences into Russian:
1.    The pumps … (test) at our plant and the documents … (send) in due time.
2.    Russia’s manufacturing base … (dilapidate) and must … (replace) or … (modernize).
3.    The work … (finish) by the end of May.
4.    Two thirds of agricultural production … (devote) to livestock.
5.    The managers of the Board of Directors … (choose) by the other stockholders to operate the bank.
6.    The Internet … (pay) by the bank or both current and deposit accounts.
7.    Considerable economic growth … (achieve) this year.
8.    Government … (ask) to intervene in the economy to correct situations in which the price system does not work.
9.    All of this … (pay) for by a system of progressive taxation.
10.    Business and investor confidence in Russia’s economic prospects … (raise) by these achievements recently.

4. Find modal verbs or modal equivalents. Translate the sentences into Russian:
1.    In your CV you need to bring together details of your qualifications, details of the job itself.
2.    All information can be found in this brochure.
3.    A company may also ask candidates to complete a standard application form.
4.    The downturn in the world commodity can have a great impact on the Australian economy.
5.    CV should show the employer the skills and qualities the applicants has.
6.    In this mixed economy individuals can help guide the economy.
7.    People can apply for the job by sending a letter of application or covering letter and a curriculum vitae.
8.    The Notification of Readiness for Tests is to be sent to the Buyer in advance.
9.    A CV must be accurate, interesting and up-to-date.
10.    You may have to sell your possessions if the company goes into debt.

5.    Use a modal verb or a modal expression to fill in the gaps. Translate the sentences into Russian:
1.    … you tell us more about your present job?
2.    We had a very successful meeting, and … get a great discount.
3.    … you let us know your decision as soon as possible?
4.    Customers … be confident that their credit card details are secure.
5.    Online retailers … acknowledge all orders by e-mail.
6.    We were all in arrangement so we (not) … discuss the deal any further.
7.    You … bring large amounts of jewelry or cash to the office.
8.    This information is highly confidential, so you … (not) discuss it with anyone.
9.    You … (not) arrange any insurance because all the staff are covered.
10.    I’ve been trying to find a solution to the problem all week, but so far I … (not) think of anything.

6.    Read the text. Translate Passages 1, 3, 5 in writing. Decide if the sentences below are true or false. Put T if it is true, put F if it is false.

American Economy
The United States has a mixed economy because privately owned businesses and government both play important roles. Indeed, some of the most enduring debates of American economic history focus on the relative roles of the public and private sectors.
The American free enterprise system emphasizes private owner¬ship. Private businesses produce most goods and services, and almost two-thirds of the nation's total commercial output goes to individuals for personal use (the remaining one-third is bought by government and business). The consumer role is so great, in fact, that the country is sometimes characterized as having a "consumer economy".
However, like in all modern economies, there are limits to free en¬terprise and private ownership. Americans generally agree that some services are better performed by public rather than private enterprise. For instance, in the United States, government is primarily responsi¬ble for the administration of justice, education (although there are many private schools and training centres), the road system, social sta¬tistical reporting, and national defence. In addition, government often is asked to intervene in the economy to correct situations in which the price system does not work. It regulates "natural monopolies" and it uses antitrust laws to control or break up other business combinations that become so powerful that they can surmount market forces.
Government also takes care of issues beyond the reach of market forces. It provides welfare and unemployment benefits to people who cannot or will not support themselves, either because they encounter problems in their personal lives or lose their jobs as a result of bad economy. Government pays much of the cost of medical care for the aged and those who live in poverty, it regulates private industry to lim it air and water pollution, it provides low-cost loans to people who suffer losses as a result of natural disasters; and it has played the leading role in the exploration of space, which is too expensive for any private enterprise. All of this is paid for by a system of progres¬sive taxation.
In this mixed economy, individuals can help guide the economy not only through the choices they make as consumers but through the votes they cast for officials who shape economic policy. In recent years, consumers have voiced concerns about product safety, environ¬mental threats posed by certain industrial practices, and potential health risks citizens may face. The government has responded by creat¬ing agencies which aim to protect consumer interests and promote the general public welfare.
The US economy has changed in other ways as well. The popula¬tion and the labour force have moved from farms to cities, from fields to factories, and, above all, to service industries. In today's economy, the providers of personal and public services far outnumber produc¬ers of agricultural and manufactured goods. As the economy has grown more complex, statistics also reveal over the last century a sharp long-term trend away from self-employment toward work¬ing for others.
1.    The United states has a command economy.
2.    Economic history focuses on the relative roles of the public and private sectors.
3.    The American free enterprise system emphasizes private owner ship.
4.    Public business produce most goods and services.
5.    One-third of the nation’s total commercial output goes to individuals for personal use.
6.    The consumer role is not great.
7.    There are not lim its do free enterprise and private ownership.
8.    Some services are better performed by private business.
9.    In the United states, government is responsible for the administration of justice, education.
10.    Government provides welfare and unemployment benefits to people who can’t  support themselves.
11.    Government does not pay the cost of medical care for the aged and those who live in poverty.
12.    In mixed economy individuals can help guide the economy only through the choices they make as consumers.


7. Read the text, translate passages 3, 5 in writing. Answer the questions below in writing.
Economic System
The functions of an economic system may be defined as follows:
1.    to match supply to the effective demand for goods and services in an efficient manner;
2.    to determine what goods and services are to be produced, and in what quantities;
3.    to distribute scarce resources among the industries producing goods and services;
4.    to distribute the products of industry among members of the community;
5.    to provide for maintenance and expansion of fixed capital investment;
6.    to fully utilize the resources of society.
Depending on how decisions are made and how the above functions are fulfilled different economic systems can be singled out. Many countries like Britain, Sweden, and France operate a mixed system (mixed economy) splitting the economy into public and private sectors.
In Britain, for example, about two-thirds of the economy and about five-sixths of commerce is conducted by private firms. The remainder of the activities of the economy are conducted by socially-owned enterprises. Some, like the Army, Navy, and Air Force, are clearly the sort of institutions that the state itself should control. Others have tended to be performed by the state because they are non-profitmaking, and as such are unlikely to be attractive to businessmen. Such activities as education and medical care are best operated as socially provided amenities for the benefit of all citizens.
In the commercial field certain goods and services are by their nature monopolies. Among these natural monopolies are gas, electricity, and water supply. The capital costs of such enterprises are too great for competition to be possible.
Transport is another natural monopoly. It would be uneconomic to run two railway lines from one place to another, or two different sets of half-empty buses along a country road.
These natural monopolies have, for economic, political, or social reasons, come to be run in the United Kingdom by nationalized institutions, or the municipal authorities, who provide the services required at reasonable prices.

1.    Name the most important economic resources and explain the problems any economic system has to solve with regard to them.
2.    Which is the most effective economic system from your point of view (mention the economic agents and their relationships)?
3.    What is a market? How does the market mechanism function?
4.    What is entrepreneurial activity?
5.    What are natural monopolies?
6.    What characterized the transition to market economy in Russia?
7.    Why is Russia attractive to foreign businessmen and investors?
8.    What are the most typical forms of business organization in market economies in the West and in Russia?
9.    What liability is borne by different forms of business unit (joint-stock companies, partnerships)?
10.    Does the state regulate business and economy?