Англ, вар 3 (John Maynard Keynes)

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Англ, вар 3 (John Maynard Keynes)


ВАРИАНТ 3
John Maynard Keynes
Theorist who Brought Economics into the Twentieth Century
John Maynard Keynes stands with Adam Smith and Karl Max as one of the world’s most influential economists. The son of a noted British economist, Keynes amassed a fortune through speculation in stocks and commodities. He served the British government as a financial adviser and treasury official through most of his adult life and was a key participant in the negotiations following both World Wars I and II.
In 1930 was the period of the Great Depression. The fact was that unemployment and business failure had reached record proportions in the USA and the rest of the industrialized world. At that time (1936) Keynes published his “General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money”. The “General Theory” transformed economic thinking of the 20th century, much the way that “The Wealth of Nations” had in the 18th
Keynes demonstrated that it was possible for total supply and demand to be at equilibrium at a point well under full employment. What is more, Keynes demonstrated that unemployment could persist indefinitely, unless someone stepped in to increase total demand. That “someone” according to Keynes was government. He reasoned that if government spent money on public works, the income received by formerly idle workers would lead to increased demand, a resurgence of business activity and restoration of full employment.
The ideas advanced by the “Keynesian Revolution” have become part of conventional wisdom. Now, whenever a nation appears to be entering into a period of recession or inflation, economists and others immediately think of steps, which the government might take to reverse the trend.

I. Перепишите текст и переведите его на русский язык.

II. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту.
1. What was Keynes‘s father?
2. What was Keynes’s role during the World War I and II?
3. What did Keyenes demonstrate in his book?
4. When might the government take the steps to reverse the trend?
5. What does depression mean?

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив. Переведите на русский язык.
1. The ideas advanced by the “Keynesian Revolution” have become part of conventional wisdom.
2. The 1930 was the period of the Great Depression.
3. Keynes demonstrated the possibility for supply and demand to be at equilibrium.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Economic planning may be employed in societies where property is privately owned.
2. The control of land and capital must be centralized.
3. The better-off members of society are able to use their greater wealth to obtain better opportunities.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов that, it, one.
1. It is possible for large corporation to pay high dividends on the shares.
2. It is easier for a corporation to borrow money from banks.
3. That company has been established as a sole proprietorship.

IV. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. The aim of the public corporation is to act in the public interest and to cover its costs.
2. Some of these public corporations have been in existence for many years.
3 The controlling Board has functions very similar to director except that it is answerable to the government
4 A Minister of the Crown is responsible for seeing that the corporation is acting within the broad policy requirement.