+ Англ, вар 8 (What is Inflation?)

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Англ, вар 8 (What is Inflation?)


Variant VIII
I. Read and translate the text. Write down your translation of the third paragraph.
What is Inflation?
1. In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation also reflects an erosion in the purchasing power of money - a loss of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit of account in the economy.
2. Effects of inflation on an economy are various and can be simultaneously positive and negative. Negative effects of inflation include a decrease in the real value of money and other monetary items over time, uncertainty over future inflation may discourage investment and savings, and high inflation may lead to shortages of goods if consumers begin hoarding out of concern that prices will increase in the future. Positive effects include ensuring central banks can adjust nominal interest rates (intended to mitigate recessions), and encouraging investment in non-monetary capital projects.
3. Economists generally agree that high rates of inflation and hyperinflation are caused by an excessive growth of the money supply. Views on which factors determine low to moderate rates of inflation are more varied. Low or moderate inflation may be attributed to fluctuations in real demand for goods and services, or changes in available supplies such as during scarcities, as well as to growth in the money supply. However, the consensus view is that a long sustained period of inflation is caused by money supply growing faster than the rate of economic growth.
4. Today, most mainstream economists favor a low steady rate of inflation. Low (as opposed to zero or negative) inflation may reduce the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn, and reduce the risk that a liquidity trap prevents monetary policy from stabilizing the economy. The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to monetary authorities. Generally, these monetary authorities are the central banks that control the size of the money supply through the setting of interest rates, through open market operations, and through the setting of banking reserve requirements.

II. Decide whether the statements are true (a), false (b) or information is not available (c).
1. Inflation causes only negative effects.
2. Hyperinflation is the result of increase in money supply.
3. Contemporary economists agree with Marxian attitude to unemployment.

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Ill. Complete the sentences (1-6) with the most suitable prepositions (a-d). I. 1. Top managers have to manage a business's relations … customers, suppliers, distributors, investors and so on.
a) between b) with c) of d) for
2. The competition was so fierce we were driven the market.
a) off b) out c) into d) out off
3. Workers pulled together and asked the management … a raise.
a) of b) with c) for d) on
4. A successful business is built careful financial management.
a) on b) up c) with d) at
5. Coordination … production and design is my responsibility.
a) among b) between c) of d) with
6. The basic elements of modem management practices can be traced … ancient times.
a) in b) for c) at d) to

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IV. Match the words (1-10) with their definitions (a-j).
1. cashflow    a) any investments, cheques, bank deposits, stock or work-in-progress that can easily be converted into cash
2. profitability    b) the notional fall in value of equipment over time
3. current assets    c) the money paid to shareholders out of profits
4. depreciation    d) ratio of cost to benefit
5. overdraft    e) the ability of a company to pay suppliers, employees, shareholders, tax authorities, etc.
6. liquidity    f) regular costs and money owed
7. liabilities    g) the total amount borrowed from a bank
8. dividend    h) money from sales and money going out to meet costs, both fixed and variable


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V. Complete each sentence (1-10) with a suitable word (a-j) from the box.
a) electronic b) forms c) capital d) reports e) deposits f) paper
g) human h) make i) merchants j) banknotes

1. Financial statements have been created on ... for hundreds of years.
2. The growth of the Web has seen more and more fmancial statements created in an ... form which is exchangeable over the Web.
3. Common ... of electronic financial statements are PDF and HTML.
4. These types of electronic financial statements have their drawbacks in that it still takes a ... to read the information.
5. Owners and managers require financial statements to ... important business decisions.
6. Employees also need these ... in making collective bargaining agreements (CBA) with the management.
7. A bank is a financial institution that accepts ... from the public and creates credit.
8. Lending activities can be performed either directly or indirectly through ... markets.
9. Banking began with the first prototype banks of ... of the ancient world.
10.The Bank of England was the first to begin the permanent issue of ... in 1695.

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VI. Match (1-10) with (a-j) to make up sentences.

1. I manage the manufacturing plant    a) with our customers.
2. Coordination between production and design    b) for the whole year.
3. I deal with a lot of people in the company and    c) is essential.
4. I'm responsible for managing    d) to survive and thrive.
5. I'm in charge of planning our work    e) with the software.
6.Experience of managing a modem production plant    f) from the ground up.
7. Organizations of every sort need to innovate if they are    g) because it's a change of pace.
8. Our programmers identified what they thought the problem was    h) is my responsibility.
9. Bill Gates built Microsoft    i) the design team.
10. It 's nice to go on business trips    j) in Cambridge.

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VII. Put the words in the correct order to make up sentences.
1. events, visitors, My, is, for, organize, job, to, important
2. our, products, We, need, about, to, more, spend, on, so, marketing, know, people
3. tight, very, a, The, schedule, of, company, chairman, the, has
4. management, has, The, company, from, suffered, years, several, of, bad
5. make, We, analysis, an, our, products, all, of, them, before, sell, we

VIII. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in capitals.
1.Financial was below expectations and we are working on improvements. PERFORM
2. The company president has mapped out a strategy for … growth. SUSTAIN
3. The group's strategy of overseas … helped it overcome tough conditions at home. DIVERSITY
4. If this project fails it will affect not only our department, but also the whole …. ORGANIZE
5. The way to be successful in business is always to stay one jump ahead of your …. COMPETE

IX. Listen to the text "Managing Conflict" using http://learnenglish.britishcounciLorg/en/professionals-podcasts/managing-conflict  and answer the following questions:
1. What is the dispute the people are resolving?
a) about a special project
b) about pay and conditions
c) about personal problems

2. How far do they reach an agreement?
a) not at all
b) to a certain extent
c) completely

3. How successful is the moderator?
a) a total failure
b) partially successful
c) completely successful


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