Английский, вариант 2

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Английский, вариант 2
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных и конструкции, содержащие the ... the; as ... as.
1. Art was as important as science for its development a century ago.
2. The more systematic knowledge you have the more professional engineer you can become.
3. Chemical industry is one of the most important branches nowadays.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на оборот there is / there are.
1. There is an engineering plant and some chemical plants in our region.
2. There are no machine-tool motors here.
3. There are different types of plants, for example, concrete product plants, paint varnish and lacquer plants, oil refinery and a lot of others.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты. Письменно переведите предложения.
1. You should call the works manager to discuss the matter in detail.
2. The foundry is to undergo reconstruction by the end of the year.
3. One can think of the engineering work as more of an art than a science.
4. We had to rearrange the industrial process of electric-power industry and thus to reduce the consumption of electric power.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите из каждого глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Science has used experimental and theoretical investigation as its principal tool since the dawn of modern science.
2. For at least a century and a half we have lived with the absolute interdependence of science and engineering.
3. By the end of the 18th century most inventions and engineering developments had come from the practical needs of life and had been produced by craftsmen and artisans.
4. The fields of science and engineering have been linking closely for more than hundred years.

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на функцию глагола to have.
1. Hardly a few enthusiastic engineers or scientists have to make the judgment of how much should be done for the society.
2. The volume of our quality production has grown recently.
3. Our factory has to get new investors to take part in expanding and developing our productive capacity.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.
ENGINEERING: ART OR SCIENCE
1. Engineers, particularly in the older age, like to think of their work as more of an art than a science: Their motives are not difficult to understand. Until recently, the Arts had a great deal more social status than science. And the description of one’s work as an art leaves the impression that it depends more on one’s personal talents than on anything to be learnt from others. This has a special attraction for the self-made man. What is more, the dictionary supports this interpretation, for it defines art as human skill. In this sense, engineering is certainly an art; but so is chemistry or riding a bicycle. Skill, after all, is needed for practically everything. Thus we have a spectrum of human activities. An activity can produce extremely gratifying results without using any systematic knowledge. But science, which is systematic, enables each scientist to build directly upon the work of others. Science is essentially a social activity while art is based on individual talent. This is not to say that science excludes talent. Newton and Einstein must be granted as much personal genius as any artist. However, the inestimable value of science is that the systematic combination of many individual contributions adds up to a great deal more than their arithmetic sum.
2. This, then, is a background against which we must decide whether today engineering is an art or a science. It is necessary to admit that a century ago it would have been foolish to call it anything but an art or craft. Though scientific revolution had preceded an industrial one, the early engineers knew little and cared less about formal science.
3. But by 1860 physics and chemistry, at least, were beginning to catch up with engineering, as biology was catching up with medicine. The German chemical industry was perhaps the first to introduce science-based engineering, with well-known results. Since then advances in many branches of engineering without a sound base in science have become almost unthinkable.

VII Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний и выпишите их:
1. до недавнего времени
2. вызывать ощущение
3. человек, обязанный всем самому себе
4. умение
5. положительные результаты
6. личный вклад
7. ремесло
8. научная и индустриальная революция
9. химическая индустрия
10. различные отрасли

VIII. Найдите в первом абзаце текста предложение, содержащее прилагательное в сравнительной степени. Выпишите это предложение, подчеркните прилагательное, укажите его положительную и превосходную степень и переведите это предложение.

IX. Найдите в 1, 2 абзацах текста пять случаев употребления модальных глаголов или их эквивалентов. Выпишите эти предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

X. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2 и 3 абзацы текста.

XI. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.
1. What has a special attraction for the self-made man?
2. What is the difference between art and science from the point of view of systematic knowledge?
3. Why would it have been foolish to call engineering anything but an art or craft a century ago? '
4. What was perhaps the first to introduce science-based engineering?